- Description
ECO 365 Week 4 Apply: The Microeconomics of Product Markets Homework
Review the Week 4 The Microeconomics of Product Markets Quiz in preparation for this assignment.
Complete the Week 4 The Microeconomics of Product Markets Homework in McGraw-Hill Connect®. These are randomized questions.
Note: You have only one attempt available to complete assignments. Grades must be transferred manually to eCampus by your instructor. Don’t worry, this might happen after the due date.
Materials
The table below presents the average and marginal cost of producing cheeseburgers per hour at a roadside diner.
Cheeseburger Production Costs
Quantity(burgers per hour) Average Variable Cost (dollars) Average Total Cost (dollars) Marginal Cost (dollars)
0 — — —
10 $1.00 $6.60 $1.00
20 0.70 3.50 0.40
30 0.70 2.57 0.70
40 0.78 2.18 1.00
50 0.88 2.00 1.30
60 1.07 2.00 2.00
70 1.34 2.14 3.00
80 1.74 2.44 4.50
90 2.23 2.86 6.20
100 2.81 3.37 8.00
- At a quantity of 40 cheeseburgers per hour, the average total cost of production is falling and the marginal cost of cheeseburger production is rising .
- At a quantity of 60 cheeseburgers per hour, the average variable cost of production is rising and the average total cost of cheeseburger production is at a minimum .
A business owner makes 50 items by hand in 40 hours. She could have earned $20 an hour working for someone else. Her total explicit costs are $200. If each item she makes sells for $15, her economic profit equals:
Instructions: Enter your answer as a whole number. If you are entering a negative number be sure to include a negative sign (-) in front of that number.
A young Thomas Edison produces and sells 20 light bulbs a week in his dorm room. The parts for each light bulb cost $2.00. He sells each light bulb for $5.00. General Electric offers Thomas an executive job that pays $50.00 a week. Thomas’s weekly economic profit from making light bulbs is equal to:
Instructions: Enter your answer as a whole number.
Which of the following costs is an explicit cost for you?
You spend your time running your own business even though a large corporation offered you a generous contract.
You raise cattle on your family-owned farm even though you could sell your land to a developer.
You hire a worker who could have received the same wage working for your competitor.
You decide to use an extra room for your business that you could have rented out to your neighbor.
Barney decides to quit his job as a corporate accountant, which pays $10,000 a month, and goes into business for himself as a certified public accountant.
He runs his business from his converted garage apartment, which he could rent out for $300 a month if he wasn’t using it as a home office. He must purchase office supplies worth $75 a month, and his monthly electricity bill has increased by $50 now that he is working out of his home office.
After six months of working from home, Barney has earned an average of $12,000 per month.
Instructions: Enter your answers as a whole number.
- What are Barney’s average monthly accounting profits?
- What are Barney’s average monthly economic profits?
Barney decides to quit his job as a corporate accountant, which pays $10,000 a month, and goes into business for himself as a certified public accountant.
He runs his business from his converted garage apartment, which he could rent out for $300 a month if he wasn’t using it as a home office. He must purchase office supplies worth $75 a month, and his monthly electricity bill has increased by $50 now that he is working out of his home office.
After six months of working from home, Barney has earned an average of $12,000 per month.
Instructions: Enter your answers as a whole number.
- What are Barney’s monthly explicit costs?
- What are Barney’s monthly implicit costs?
- What are Barney’s monthly economic costs?
Which of the following is an implicit cost of owning and operating a farm?
The money paid for repairing a tractor
The money received for crops grown during the growing season
The money a farmer could earn by working for someone else
The money paid for fertilizer each growing season
Variable costs are
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costs that change with the amount of output a firm produces.
sunk costs.
the change in total cost associated with the production of an additional unit of output.
costs that change every day.
If all resources used in the production of a product are increased by 20% and total output increases by 20%, then the firm must be experiencing
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economies of scale.
diseconomies of scale.
increasing average total costs.
constant returns to scale.
The ability of Intel to spread product development cost over a larger number of units of output arises from
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constant returns to scale.
diseconomies of scale.
minimum efficient scale.
economies of scale.
Marginal cost can be defined as the change in
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average variable cost resulting from the production of an additional unit of output.
total fixed cost resulting from the production of an additional unit of output.
average total cost resulting from the production of an additional unit of output.
total cost resulting from the production of an additional unit of output.
Suppose that you could either prepare your own tax return in 15 hours or hire a tax specialist to prepare it for you in 2 hours. You value your time at $11 an hour; the tax specialist will charge you $55 an hour. The opportunity cost of preparing your own tax return is
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$40.
$55.
$110.
$165.
A firm encountering economies of scale over some range of output will have a
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rising long-run average total cost curve.
constant long-run average cost curve.
falling long-run average total cost curve.
rising, then falling, then rising long-run average total cost curve.
If marginal cost exceeds average total cost in the short run, then which is likely to be true?
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Marginal cost is less than average variable cost.
Average variable cost is decreasing.
Average total cost is less than average variable cost.
Average total cost is increasing.
Imagine that a firm expands the size of its plant, doubling its total cost of production but more than doubling its output. This situation is known as
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a violation of the law of diminishing returns.
constant returns to scale.
diseconomies of scale.
economies of scale.
If you know that when a firm produces 8 units of output, average fixed cost is $12.50 and average variable cost is $81.25, then the average total cost associated with this output level is
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$93.75.
$880.00.
$97.78.
$750.00.
Implicit costs are
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opportunity costs of using owned resources.
composed entirely of variable costs.
always greater in the short run than in the long run.
equal to total fixed costs.
If the long-run average total cost curve for a firm is horizontal in a relevant range of production, then it indicates that there
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isn’t a minimum efficiency scale.
are constant returns to scale.
are economies of scale.
are diseconomies of scale.
To an economist, the economic costs associated with the use of resources include
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explicit, but not implicit, costs.
implicit, but not explicit, costs.
neither implicit nor explicit costs.
explicit and implicit costs.
Use the following information to answer the next question.
Harvey quit his job at State University where he earned $45,000 a year. He figures his entrepreneurial talent or forgone entrepreneurial income to be $5,000 a year. To start the business, he cashed in $100,000 in bonds that earned 10% interest annually to buy a software company, Extreme Gaming. In the first year, the firm sold 11,000 units of software at $75 each. Of the $75, $55 goes for the costs of production, packaging, marketing, employee wages and benefits, and rent on a building.
The explicit costs of Harvey’s firm in the first year were
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$655,000.
$150,000.
$605,000.
$825,000.
If you know that total fixed cost is $200, total variable cost is $600, and total product is 4 units, then average total cost must be
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$200.
$800.
$3,200.
$250.
Answer the next question on the basis of the following information.
TFC = Total Fixed Cost
MC = Marginal Cost
TVC = Total Variable Cost
Q = Quantity of Output
P = Product Price
Select the marginal cost.
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P−QChange in QP−QChange in Q
Change in TFcChange in QChange in TFcChange in Q
Change in TVCQChange in TVCQ
Change in TVCChange in Q
Monetary payments a firm makes to pay for resources are called
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normal profit.
explicit costs.
opportunity costs.
implicit costs.
Answer the next question on the basis of the following data.
Output Total Cost
0 $10
1 20
2 28
3 38
4 53
5 73
6 98
The average variable cost of producing 3 units of output is
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$12.67.
$9.33.
$10.00.
$38.00.
The table below shows Ali’s monthly costs of producing wheat. Suppose the current market price of wheat is $56.00 per bushel.
Ali’s Wheat Production Costs
Quantity (bushels) AVC (dollars) ATC (dollars) MC (dollars)
0 — — —
500 $40.00 $240.00 $40.00
1,000 35.00 85.00 30.00
1,500 30.00 63.33 20.00
2,000 30.00 55.00 30.00
2,500 31.00 51.00 35.00
3,000 32.67 49.33 41.00
3,500 34.86 49.15 48.00
4,000 37.50 50.00 56.00
4,500 40.57 51.67 65.00
5,000 44.00 54.00 75.00
Instructions: Enter your answers as a whole number. If you are entering any negative numbers be sure to include a negative sign (-) in front of those numbers.
- If the market price is $56.00 per bushel of wheat, and Ali chooses to produce wheat, how much will he produce per month to maximize his profits in the short run?
- Calculate Ali’s monthly profits (express a loss as a negative number) if he chooses to produce the profit-maximizing quantity of wheat at a price of $56.00.
- Assume that the market price of wheat falls to $35.00 per bushel. How much wheat will Ali choose to produce per month in order to maximize his profits in the short run?
- Calculate Ali’s monthly profits (express a loss as a negative number) if he chooses to produce the profit-maximizing quantity of wheat at a price of $35.00.
- If the market price of wheat instead falls to $20.00 per bushel, how much wheat will Ali choose to produce per month in order to maximize his profits in the short run?
What are the likely reason(s) that the market for electricity is not perfectly competitive? Select all that apply.
Instructions: You must make a selection for each option. Click once to place a check mark for correct answers and click twice to empty the box for wrong answers.
- There are few sellers in the market
- Electricity is not a standardized (homogeneous) product
- It is difficult to enter or exit the industry as a supplier
- There are few buyers in the market.
Which of the following markets is most likely to be perfectly competitive?
The market for Saturday matinees at the movie theater
The market for Three Musketeers candy bars
The market for touring motorcycles
The market for mushrooms
Which of the following is not a necessary characteristic of a perfectly competitive industry?
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The industry or market demand is highly elastic.
There are so many firms that none can influence market price.
Consumers see no difference between the product of one firm and that of another.
Firms can easily enter or exit the industry.
Bobby decides to sell lemonade on a hot summer day. If Bobby sells 20 glasses of lemonade for $0.20 per cup, and his average total cost is $0.17, what are Bobby’s economic profits for the day?
$0.60
$0.20
$0.80
$0.00
Use the following graph to answer the next question.
At the profit-maximizing level of output, the profit earned by the perfectly competitive firm is given by the area
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0AHE.
ACFH.
BCFG.
ABGH
Assume a perfectly competitive constant-cost industry is initially at long-run equilibrium. Now suppose that a decrease in market demand occurs. After all the long-run adjustments have been completed, the new equilibrium price
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will be less than the initial price, but the new output will be greater.
will be the same as the initial price, and the output will be less.
will be greater than the initial price, but the new output will be less.
and industry output will be less than the initial price and output.
A constant-cost industry is one in which
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the long-run supply curve is perfectly inelastic.
the long-run supply curve is upward sloping.
the long-run supply curve is perfectly elastic.
the long-run supply curve is downward sloping.
The marginal revenue curve faced by a perfectly competitive firm
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is horizontal at the market price.
is downward sloping, because price must be reduced to sell more output.
lies below the firm’s demand curve.
has all of these characteristics.
The representative firm in a perfectly competitive industry
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will always earn an economic profit in the short run.
will always earn an economic profit in the long run.
may earn either an economic profit or a loss in the long run.
will earn a normal profit in the long run
In perfect competition, each additional unit of output that a firm sells will yield a marginal revenue that is
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equal to price.
less than price.
greater than price.
equal to average total cost.
A perfectly competitive firm’s output is currently such that its marginal revenue is $5 and marginal cost is $4. Assuming profit maximization, the firm should
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cut price and increase output.
leave price unchanged and increase output.
raise price and decrease output.
leave price unchanged and decrease output.
Productive efficiency refers to
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production at a level where P = MC.
maximizing profits by producing where MR = MC.
setting TR = TC.
cost minimization, where P = minimum ATC.
An industry in which the firm’s cost structures do not vary with changes in production will have a long-run supply curve that
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is perfectly elastic.
is perfectly inelastic.
slopes upward.
slopes downward.
A perfectly competitive firm does not try to sell more of its product by lowering its price below the market price because
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this would be considered unethical price chiseling.
its demand curve is inelastic, so total revenue will decline.
its competitors would not permit it.
it can sell all it wants to at the market price.
An industry in which its firms’ cost structures do not vary with changes in production is referred to as a
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fixed-price industry.
price-controlled industry.
constant-cost industry.
price-taking industry.
In perfect competition, if the market price of the product is initially higher than the minimum average total cost faced by the firms, then
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some firms will exit the industry and the industry supply will decrease.
some firms will exit the industry and the industry supply will increase.
other firms will enter the industry and the industry supply will decrease.
other firms will enter the industry and the industry supply will increase.
Use the following graph to answer the next question.
To maximize profits, the perfectly competitive firm should produce output at
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K.
A.
C.
B.
Which idea is inconsistent with perfect competition?
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price-taking behavior
a large number of buyers and sellers
freedom of entry or exit for firms
product differentiation
In perfect competition, the demand faced by a single firm is perfectly
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inelastic, because many other firms produce the same standardized product.
elastic, because many other firms produce the same standardized product.
inelastic, because the firm produces a differentiated product.
elastic, because the firm produces a differentiated product.
Which of the following is true under conditions of perfect competition?
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There are differentiated products.
The market demand curve is perfectly elastic.
No single firm can influence the market price.
Each individual firm has the ability to set its own price.
Use the following graphs for a perfectly competitive market in the short run to answer the next question.
The graphs suggest that in the long run, assuming no changes in the given information,
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buyers will leave the industry.
more buyers will come to the market.
some firms will exit from this industry.
new firms will enter the industry.
A perfectly competitive firm will be willing to produce even at a loss in the short run, as long as
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the loss is smaller than its marginal costs.
price exceeds marginal costs.
the loss is smaller than its total variable costs.
the loss is smaller than its total fixed costs.
Which of the following suppliers is most likely to be a monopolist?
A lettuce farmer
A cereal producer
A shirt producer
A water company
If a monopolist is able to increase the amount of product she sells from 400 to 420 units by lowering the price of that product from $50 to $45, her marginal revenue is:
$-55.
$55.
$1,100.
$-1,100.
The table below shows the marginal revenue and costs for a monopolist.
Demand, Costs, and Revenues
Price (dollars) Quantity Demanded Marginal Revenue (dollars) Marginal Cost (dollars) Average Total Cost (dollars)
$130 200 $110 $25 $139.00
120 300 90 32 103.30
110 400 70 40 87.50
100 500 50 50 80.00
90 600 30 62 77.00
80 700 10 77 77.00
What is the monopolist’s profit at the profit-maximizing level of output?
$10,000
$80,000
$0
$50,000
In many large U.S. cities, taxicab companies operate as near monopolies because of_____.
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economies of scale
strategic pricing
licenses
patents
One feature of pure monopoly is that the firm is _____.
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one of several producers of a product
a price maker
a producer of products with close substitutes
a price taker
A nondiscriminating pure monopoly must decrease the price on all units of a product to sell more units. This explains why _____.
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there are barriers to entry in pure monopoly
total revenues are greater than total costs at the profit maximizing level of output
a pure monopoly’s marginal revenue curve is below its demand curve
a pure monopoly has a perfectly elastic demand curve
Barriers to entry _____.
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are typically the result of wrongdoing on the part of a firm
usually result in perfect competition
exist in economic theory but not in the real world
are characteristic of pure monopoly
A nondiscriminating pure monopoly is generally viewed as being _____.
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productively efficient, but not allocatively efficient
both productively and allocatively efficient
neither productively nor allocatively efficient
allocatively efficient, but not productively efficient
What is one difference between a firm in a perfectly competitive industry and a firm in a monopolistically competitive industry?
A monopolistically competitive firm does not choose a level of output where marginal cost is equal to marginal revenue.
A monopolistically competitive firm faces competition from firms producing close substitutes.
A monopolistically competitive firm is guaranteed to make more than normal profits in the long run.
A monopolistically competitive firm does not face a downward-sloping demand curve.
Which of the following is a barrier to entry?
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Close substitutes
Infrastructure costs
Buyers’ incomes
Diminishing marginal returns
Which of the following is an example of an oligopolistic market with a standardized product?
The market for automobiles
The market for aluminum
The market for breakfast cereal
The market for jewelry
Pure monopoly refers to_____.
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a single firm producing a product for which there are no close substitutes
a large number of firms producing a differentiated product
a standardized product being produced by many firms
any market in which the demand curve to the firm is downward sloping
The demand curve faced by a nondiscriminating pure monopoly is _____.
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horizontal
more elastic than the demand curve faced by a perfectly competitive firm
the same as the industry’s demand curve
derived by vertically summing the buyers’ individual demand curves
Which of the following statements is correct?
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Both perfectly competitive and monopolistic firms are price takers.
A perfectly competitive firm is a price maker, while a pure monopoly is a price taker.
A perfectly competitive firm is a price taker, while a pure monopoly is a price maker.
Both perfectly competitive and monopolistic firms are price makers.
Many people believe that pure monopolies charge any price they want to without affecting sales. Instead, the output level for a profit-maximizing pure monopoly occurs where ____.
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average total cost equals average revenue
marginal revenue equals average cost
marginal cost equals average revenue
marginal revenue equals marginal cost
Which of the following best represents the pricing behavior of firms in a monopolistically competitive industry?
Looking Over Your Shoulder Handbag Co. chooses the price it charges by estimating what its rivals are most likely to do and then taking their responses into consideration.
Unykdrugs, Inc. produces where its marginal revenue is equal to its marginal cost and prices on its downward-sloping demand curve such that the market for its product clears, knowing it will not face competition due to patents it holds on its products.
Stay*Put Clothespins takes the market price of clothespins as given and produces the amount of clothespins where marginal revenue equals marginal cost.
Teen Angle Hardware looks for a niche to sell its hardware products to teens but finds it difficult to earn anything more than normal profits due to other hardware stores also looking for niches.
A pure monopoly will generate an economic profit whenever ____.
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total revenue is equal to total cost
total revenue is greater than total cost
total revenue is less than total cost
price is greater than average variable cost
Which of the following best represents the pricing behavior of firms in an oligopolistic market?
Teen Angle Hardware looks for a niche to sell its hardware products to teens but finds it difficult to earn anything more than normal profits due to other hardware stores also looking for niches.
Stay*Put Clothespins takes the market price of clothespins as given and produces the amount of clothespins where marginal revenue equals marginal cost.
Looking Over Your Shoulder Handbag Co. chooses the price it charges by estimating what its rivals are most likely to do and then taking their responses into consideration.
Unykdrugs, Inc. produces where its marginal revenue is equal to its marginal cost and prices on its downward-sloping demand curve such that the market for its product clears, knowing it will not face competition due to patents it holds on its products.
In the long run, the economic profits for a monopolistically competitive firm will be
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the same as the profits for a purely competitive firm.
slightly more than the profits of a purely competitive firm.
the same as the profits for a monopolist.
slightly less than the profits of a monopolist.
In which industry is monopolistic competition most likely to be found?
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agriculture
retail trade
mining
utilities
A pure monopoly most likely results in productive inefficiency because at the profit-maximizing level of output _____.
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ATC is not at its minimum level
MC is not at its minimum level
P is greater than AVC
MR is not zero
A monopolistically competitive firm has a
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perfectly inelastic demand curve.
perfectly elastic demand curve.
highly elastic demand curve.
highly inelastic demand curve.
Oligopolies are considered to be:
both productively efficient, but not allocatively efficient.
both allocatively and productively efficient.
neither allocatively nor productively efficient.
both allocatively efficient, but not productively efficient.
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A monopolistically competitive firm’s marginal revenue curve
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coincides with the demand curve and is parallel to the horizontal axis.
does not exist because the firm is a “price maker.”
is downward-sloping and coincides with the demand curve.
is downward-sloping and lies below the demand curve.
In which set of market models are there the most significant barriers to entry?
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monopolistic competition and pure monopoly
oligopoly and pure monopoly
monopolistic competition and pure competition
oligopoly and monopolistic competition
Under monopolistic competition, entry to the industry is
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completely free of barriers.
more difficult than under pure monopoly.
blocked.
more difficult than under pure competition but not nearly as difficult as under pure monopoly.
Use the following graph for a monopolistically competitive firm to answer the next question.
Marginal revenue and marginal cost intersect at point
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a.
d.
b.
c.
In an oligopolistic market there are
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few sellers.
many sellers.
many buyers.
few buyers.
Monopolistic competitive firms are productively inefficient because production occurs where
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marginal cost is not at its lowest.
average total cost is not at its lowest.
price is greater than marginal revenue.
marginal cost is less than price.
In which market model is there mutual interdependence?
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pure competition
oligopoly
monopolistic competition
pure monopoly
Suppose some firms exit an industry characterized by monopolistic competition. We would expect the demand curve of a firm already in the industry to
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shift to the left.
remain the same since entering firms serve other customers in the market.
become less elastic.
shift to the right.
If monopolistically competitive firms in an industry are making an economic profit, then new firms will enter the industry and the product demand facing existing firms will
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increase.
become less elastic.
decrease.
not be affected.
In the long run, the representative firm in monopolistic competition tends to have
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economic profits
excess capacity.
a perfectly elastic demand curve.
no product differentiation.
Which of the following is a characteristic of monopolistic competition?
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relatively easy entry
absence of nonprice competition
standardized product
a relatively small number of firms
Use the following graph for a monopolistically competitive firm to answer the next question.
If curve (2) represents ATC and line (3) represents demand, then curve (1) and line (4) would be
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MC and TR, respectively.
MC and MR, respectively.
AVC and MR, respectively.
TC and TR, respectively.
The table below shows the demand and total revenue for a monopolist. Fill in the “Marginal Revenue” column for the various prices and quantities.
Instructions: Enter your answers as a whole number.
Demand and Revenues
Price (dollars) Quantity Demanded Total Revenue(dollars) Marginal Revenue (dollars)
$50 30 $1,500 —
49 31 1,519 $ 19
48 32 1,536 17
47 33 1,551 15
46 34 1,564 13
45 35 1,575 11
44 36 1,584 9
A pure monopoly will find that marginal revenue _____.
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is sometimes greater and sometimes less than price
is identical to price
exceeds price
is less than price
Use the following graphs to answer the next question.
Which of the above shows the correct relationship between demand and marginal revenue for a pure monopoly?
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Graph 3
Graph 2
Graph 1
Graph 4
The figure below shows the average and marginal cost curves for producing cheeseburgers per hour.
- At a quantity of 25 cheeseburgers per hour, the average total cost of production is falling Correctand the marginal cost of cheeseburger production is rising Correct.
- At a quantity of 35 cheeseburgers per hour, the average variable cost of production is rising Correctand the average total cost of cheeseburger production is at a minimum Correct.
Use the following table to answer the next question.
Output ATC Plant 1 ATC Plant 2 ATC Plant 3 ATC Plant 4
1,500 $10 $15 $20 $30
2,000 8 12 17 25
2,500 9 10 15 20
3,000 12 8 13 18
3,500 15 6 11 16
4,000 18 10 9 14
4,500 20 12 7 12
5,000 24 15 11 10
5,500 29 19 13 8
6,000 35 25 15 9
Plant sizes get larger as you move from Plant 1 to Plant 4. In the long run, the firm should use Plant 3’s size for what level of output?
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3,000 to 3,500 units
4,000 to 4,500 units
5,000 to 5,500 units
Less than 3,000 units
Suppose that a firm produces 200,000 units a year and sells them all for $10 each. The explicit costs of production are $1,500,000 and the implicit costs of production are $300,000. The firm earns an accounting profit of __________ and an economic profit of __________.
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$1,700,000; $200,000
$1,700,000; $500,000
$500,000; $1,700,000
$500,000; $200,000
Fixed costs of production in the short run
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cannot be reduced by producing less output.
are a function of the level of variable costs.
are low in proportion to variable costs in the short run.
increase as the firm produces more output.
If a firm is a price taker, then the demand curve for the firm’s product is
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unit elastic.
perfectly inelastic.
equal to the total revenue curve.
perfectly elastic.
Use the following graph showing the demand and marginal revenue curves faced by a pure monopoly to answer the next question.
If the pure monopoly wants to sell quantity Q1, it should charge
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P2.
P1.
a price not labeled on the graph.
0.
Mutual interdependence means that each firm in an oligopoly
rev: 05_15_2018
Multiple Choice
depends on the other firms for its inputs.
faces a perfectly inelastic demand for its product.
considers the reactions of its rivals when it determines its pricing policy.
depends on the other firms for its markets.
Suppose that the market for corn is perfectly competitive. If corn farmers are currently generating losses, then we would expect that in the long run the market
rev: 06_26_2018
Multiple Choice
supply curve will shift to the left.
demand curve will shift to the right.
supply curve will shift to the right.
demand curve will shift to the left.
Monopolistic competition is characterized by firms
rev: 05_15_2018
Multiple Choice
producing differentiated products.
making economic profits in the long run.
producing where price equals marginal cost.
producing at optimal productive efficiency.