PSY 245 Entire Course

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PSY 245 Entire Course
PSY 245 Entire Course
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PSY 245 Wk 1 – Concept Check

 

  1. Question 1

1/1

Which of the following is not associated with use of the scientific method in psychological research?

 

A commitment to producing knowledge through observation and experiment

A commitment to basing knowledge exclusively on common sense and opinion

A commitment to basing knowledge on empirical evidence

A commitment to discovering truth

A commitment to ensuring that findings are correctly interpreted

  1. Question 2

1/1

After reading some research on the topic of students’ attitudes toward university courses, Mark does a study to find which subject at the university is preferred by students. He finds that final-year psychology students prefer studying psychology compared to any other subject. Based on this, he concludes that psychology is the most popular subject. Jane, however, argues that this conclusion is wrong—the research actually shows that students prefer the subject of their degree.

 

What is the basis of Jane’s objection to Mark’s research?

 

The study is invalid.

The study is unreliable.

The study is non-cumulative.

The study is unparsimonious.

  1. Question 3

1/1

Theory A explains phenomenon L, phenomenon M, and phenomenon N using principles J and K. Theory B explains phenomenon L, phenomenon M, and phenomenon N using only principle K. Theory C explains phenomenon L and phenomenon N using principles J and K.

 

Which of the following statements is true?

 

Theory A is the most parsimonious.

Theory B is the most parsimonious.

Theory C is the most parsimonious.

Theory A and Theory C are equally and most parsimonious.

Theory A and Theory B are equally and most parsimonious.

  1. Chapter 3: “Research Methods”
  2. Question 4

1/1

A researcher conducts an experiment that tests the hypothesis that states, “anxiety has an adverse effect on students’ exam performance.”

 

Which of the following statements is true?

 

Anxiety is the dependent variable; exam performance is the independent variable.

Anxiety is the dependent variable; students are the independent variable.

Anxiety is the independent variable; students are the dependent variable.

Anxiety is the independent variable; exam performance is the dependent variable.

Students are the dependent variable; exam performance is the independent variable.

  1. Question 5

1/1

An experimenter conducts a study in which she wants to examine the effects of altitude on psychological well-being. To do this, she randomly allocates people to two groups. She takes one group up in a plane to a height of 1000 meters and leaves the other group in the airport terminal as a control group. When the plane is in the air, she seeks to establish the psychological well-being of both groups.

 

Which of the following is a potential confounding variable?

 

The reliability of the questionnaire that she uses to establish psychological health

The size of the space in which the participants are confined

The susceptibility of the experimental group to altitude sickness

The susceptibility of the control group to altitude sickness

  1. Question 6

1/1

An experimenter, Tom, conducts an experiment to determine whether accuracy of responding and reaction time are affected by alcohol consumption. To do this, Tom conducts a study in which students at University A react to pairs of symbols by saying “same” or “different” after consuming two glasses of water and students at University B react to pairs of symbols by saying “same” or “different” after consuming two glasses of wine. Tom predicts that reaction times will be slower and that there will be more errors in the responses of students who have consumed alcohol.

 

Which of the following statements is not true?

 

The experiment has two dependent variables.

Reaction time is the independent variable.

Tom’s ability to draw firm conclusions about the impact of alcohol on reaction time would be improved by randomly assigning participants to experimental conditions.

This study is actually a quasi-experiment.

  1. Question 7

1/1

“Measures designed to gain insight into particular psychological states or processes that involve recording performance on particular activities or tasks.”

 

Which term best fits this definition?

 

Behavioral measures

Physiological measures

Activity measures

Performance measures

  1. Chapter 14: “Research Ethics”
  2. Question 8

1/1

Imagine that you are conducting a psychological experiment that has been approved by your institutional ethics committee. Two participants object to answering some questions they consider to be too personal. As a result, they decide they want to cease participation in the experiment.

 

What are their responsibilities in this case?

 

To complete the experimental session; you would not ask personal questions unless they were really important for science.

To explain to you why they wish to leave so you can conduct debriefings

The participants have no responsibilities. They may cease participation at any time.

To report you to the institutional ethics committee

  1. Question 9

1/1

“The ethical principle that research participants should be told enough about a piece of research to be able to make a decision about whether to participate in it.”

 

Which term best fits this definition?

 

Informed consent

Research risk

Debriefing

Experimenter bias

  1. Question 10

1/1

“Ensuring that in the research process individual participants cannot be identified. This often means making sure that responses are anonymous.”

 

Which term best fits this definition?

 

Deception

Concealment

Confidentiality

The research code of silence

 

 

 

PSY 245 Wk 1 – Analyzing Ethics in Research Worksheet 

 

In your chapter readings this week, you read about the Milgram experiment, in which a psychologist conducted a highly controversial experiment to study the extent to which individuals will obey authority figures, even if the authority figures are cruel and their demands unjustified. Ultimately, Milgram’s experiment increased the demand for formal ethical standards in research.

 

Before completing this week’s assignment, review the following resources from the University Library to learn about the Stanford prison experiment, another famously controversial psychological study.

Lurigio, A. J. (2021). Stanford prison experiment. Salem Press Encyclopedia of Health.

Zimbardo, P. (Executive Producer). (2004). Quiet rage: The Stanford prison experiment [Video]. Stanford University.

 

Reflect on ethical standards required in the world of research and consider the extent to which the Stanford prison experiment may have violated those standards.

 

Complete the Analyzing Ethics in Research Worksheet.

 

Submit your completed worksheet.

 

 

PSY 245 Wk 2 – Concept Check

  1. Question 1

1/1

Surveys are preferred in some areas of psychology for which of the following reasons?

 

They are usually cheaper.

They allow researchers to infer causal relationships.

They are more scientific because similar methods are used in astronomy and geology.

It is often impossible to manipulate the independent variables the researchers are interested in.

  1. Question 2

Which of the following can be a threat to the internal validity of longitudinal studies?

Testing effects

The IQ of the participants

 

 

Sample size

Maturation effects

Both a and d

  1. Question 3

1/1

Which of the following statements is most accurate?

 

The use of unobtrusive measures in surveys helps deal with reactivity.

The use of unobtrusive measures in surveys helps deal with standardization.

The use of unobtrusive measures in surveys helps deal with social desirability.

The use of unobtrusive measures in surveys helps deal with reactivity and social desirability.

  1. Question 4

1/1

“A preliminary piece of research designed to ‘road-test’ various design elements (e.g. independent variables, dependent variables, details of procedure), in order to establish their viability and utility prior to the investment of time and money in a full study.”

 

Which term best fits this definition?

 

A sampling study

A replication study

A pre-test

A pilot study

  1. Question 5

“Studies where the same sample of participants is measured on more than one occasion.”

 

Which term best fits this definition?

 

Longitudinal surveys

Carry-over surveys

 

Repeated-measures surveys

Cohort surveys

Population censuses

  1. Chapter 12: “Classical Qualitative Methods”
  2. Question 6

1/1

A hermeneutic approach to qualitative research involves which of the following?

 

Use of advanced statistical principles

Use of basic statistical principles similar to those that underpin distribution-free tests

Attending to the meaning of particular phenomena for those who experience them

Spending a lot of time in isolation, quarantined from the outside world

  1. Question 7

1/1

A team of researchers wants to use content analysis to examine the behavior of people in a crowd. Specifically, the researchers want to examine whether the number of times a person displays anger or frustration depends on the number of other people that are in close proximity.

 

Which of the following statements is false?

 

The researchers might want to use multiple coders to ensure that coding is reliable.

The researchers might want to assess the level of inter-rater reliability in categorizing particular displays of emotion as anger or frustration.

The researchers might want to clarify the nature of the coding categories “anger” and “frustration” after they have collected their data.

The researchers may want to perform statistical analysis on the data they obtain.

  1. Question 8

1/1

“Research practice that acknowledges the role that participants play in research and that seeks to involve them in as much of the research process as possible.”

 

What type of practice does this describe?

 

Experiential approach

User involvement

Participant involvement

Participant-led research

  1. Question 9

1/1

“A qualitative research tool in which participants introspectively comment on a particular topic and their responses are coded using pre-established guidelines. The most common of these is the ‘thinking-aloud’ technique used to gain insight into participants’ cognitive processes while performing particular tasks (e.g. playing chess or map reading).”

 

Which tool does this describe?

 

Semi-structured interviewing

Open-ended interviewing

Cognitive protocols

Verbal protocols

 

  1. Question 10

1/1

“A philosophy that suggests that features of the world exist in an objective form that makes them amenable to measurement and definitive characterization.”

 

What philosophical orientation does this describe?

 

Positivism

Idealism

Relativism

Realism

 

 

 

 

PSY 245 Wk 2 – Research Methods Comparison Worksheet

When conducting research, selecting the correct method is essential to the outcome. Most research falls into one of two categories: qualitative or quantitative. Differentiating these approaches will help you understand the research you read about and also help you determine how to organize a research study of your own. Note: Keep in mind that some researchers opt to combine qualitative and quantitative research methods.

 

In this assignment, you will demonstrate how to differentiate between qualitative and quantitative studies.

 

Before completing your assignment, read the following articles from the University Library:

“Using Twitter to Promote a Youth Mental Health Agenda” (Quantitative Study”

“Acquisition of Learning and Empathy Towards Patients in Nursing Students Through Online Escape Room: An Exploratory Qualitative Study” (Qualitative Study)

 

Complete the Research Methods Comparison Worksheet.

 

Submit your completed worksheet.

 

 

 

PSY 245 Wk 3 – Concept Check

  1. Question 1

2/2

“Both (a) the process of constructing experiments and (b) the resulting structure of those experiments.”

 

Which term best fits this definition?

 

Experimental design

Constructive design

Experimental structuration

Solidification

Experimental procedure

  1. Question 2

Conducting an experiment without a theory, assumptions, or expectations can lead to what issue?

 

Operationalization

 

Fatigue effects

Quasi-experimental methods

Naïve empiricism

  1. Chapter 5: “Survey Design”
  2. Question 3

2/2

In a survey in which the results are obtained from a representative random sample of a population, which of the following is true?

 

The results can be generalized to that population.

The sample can only be obtained by simple random sampling.

The sampling procedure is similar to that used in most experimental research.

None of the above

  1. Question 4

2/2

A researcher conducts a research project in which all members of a local golf club are surveyed. This is most likely to be an example of which of the following?

 

Purposive sampling

Random sampling

Simple random sampling

Split-ballot sampling

  1. Question 5

2/2

A team of researchers is interested in conducting an experiment to test an important theory. In order to draw appropriate conclusions from any experiment they conduct, which of the following statements is true?

 

The experimental sample must be representative of the population to which they want to generalize the research on dimensions of age, sex, and intelligence.

The experimental sample must be representative of the population to which they want to generalize the research on all dimensions.

The experimental sample must be representative of the population to which they want to generalize the research on all dimensions that can be measured in that population.

The experimental sample must be representative of the population to which they want to generalize the research on all dimensions relevant to the process being studied.

 

 

 

 

PSY 245 Wk 3 – Sampling Methods Worksheet 

This week you read about various sampling methods, their purposes, and the strengths and limitations each. In this assignment, you will demonstrate how to differentiate among commonly used sampling methods.

 

Complete the Sampling Methods Worksheet.

 

Submit your completed worksheet.

Instructions

Review the assigned chapter readings for Week 3.

Complete Parts 1–3 below. Ensure that your responses are:

Thorough and complete

Accurate and logical

Carefully edited for grammar, punctuation, and spelling errors

Cited according to course-level APA guidelines (where applicable)

 

Part 1: Probability Sampling vs Non-Probability Sampling (30–45 words)

Describe the difference(s) between probability sampling and non-probability sampling. Why might a researcher choose one over the other? Explain. Enter your response on a new line.

 

Probability Sampling is a research methodology that involves selecting a representative sample from a population using random sampling. On the other hand, Non-Probability Sampling is a sampling technique that relies on subjective judgment and findings to select samples, often using convenience sampling.

Part 2: Sampling Methods Matrix

Complete the matrix below. Write 1–3 sentence responses in each box. Note: Review the textbook and/or conduct research as needed.

Definition: In your own words, summarize the sampling method.

Example of Use: Describe a scenario in which the sampling method is appropriate. Note: Do not use textbook examples.

Benefits to This Method: Explain how the sampling method is beneficial to researchers.

Limitations of This Method: Explain why this sampling method may be unsuitable for some research studies.

 

 

 

 

PSY 245 Wk 4 – Concept Check 

  1. Question 1

1/1

A researcher conducts an experiment in which she assigns participants to one of two groups, which she exposes to different doses of a particular drug. She then gets the participants to learn a list of 20 words and two days later sees how many they can recall. In the experiment, the dependent measure is simply the number of words recalled by each participant.

 

What type of dependent measure is this?

 

Nominal

Ordinal

Interval

Ratio

None of the above

  1. Chapter 8: “Examining Differences Between Means: The t-test”
  2. Question 2

Which of the following statements is/are true about the t-distribution?

 

 

Its shape changes with the number of degrees of freedom.

Its expected value is 0.

It can be used to test differences between means if the population standard deviation is known.

Both a and b

  1. Chapter 9: “Examining Relationships Between Variables: Correlation”
  2. Question 3

1/1

As part of a psychology assignment, Kate has to calculate Pearson’s r to measure the strength of association between two variables. She finds that r = −.2 and that this is significant at her selected alpha level of .05. What should she conclude?

 

There is a significant but small relationship between the two variables.

There is a non-significant but large relationship between the variables.

There is a significant and moderate relationship between the variables.

The two variables are unrelated.

Variation in one variable is associated with most of the variation in the other.

  1. Question 4

1/1

The correlational fallacy refers to which of the following ideas?

 

Correlation can be statistically significant without being psychologically meaningful.

A strong correlation between variables does not mean that one predicts the other.

Correlation between variables does not mean that one variable is responsible for variation in the other.

Correlation does not justify prediction.

  1. Question 5

1/1

Which of the following statements is true of the problem of restricted range?

 

Restricted range can reduce the size of correlations.

Restricted range can lead to a violation of the assumption of bivariate normality.

Restricted range can produce regression to the mean.

All of the above

Answers a and b only

  1. Question 6

1/1

“A graph plotting the scores on one variable against the scores on another.”

 

What type of graph does this describe?

 

A line graph

A bar graph

A scatterplot

An angiogram

A scattergram

  1. Question 7

1/1

“A measure of the degree of linear association between two variables.”

 

Which term best fits this definition?

 

Correlation coefficient

Covariance coefficient

Covariance

Product-moment coefficient

Linear coefficient

  1. Question 8

1/1

“The amount of variation in one variable associated with variation in another variable (or variables). In the bivariate case, this is given by r2.”

 

Which term best fits this definition?

 

Variance

Covariance

Common variance

Linear correlation

Estimated variance

  1. Chapter 10: “Comparing Two or More Means by Analysing Variances: ANOVA”
  2. Question 9

Which of the following statements is false?

 

One difference between ANOVA and t-tests is that ANOVA allows researchers to compare responses of more than two groups.

One difference between ANOVA and t-tests is that ANOVA does not make assumptions about homogeneity, normality, and independence.

One difference between ANOVA and t-tests is that ANOVA can be used to simultaneously examine the impact of more than one variable.

One difference between ANOVA and t-tests is that ANOVA is based on analysis of the ratios of variances.

 

 

One difference between ANOVA and t-tests is that ANOVA uses two separate degrees of freedom (one for between-cells variance, one for within-cells variance).

  1. Chapter 11: “Analysing Other Forms of Data: Chi-square and Distribution-free Tests”
  2. Question 10

A team of researchers conducts a large study examining factors that predict poor health in the workplace. They find that more men than women have heart attacks at work. They plan to analyze their data using a binomial test, but are aware of the need to take into account relevant base-rate information.

 

Which of the following constitutes relevant base-rate information for this purpose?

 

The proportion of people in the workplace who are men

The proportion of people in the workplace who have heart attacks

The proportion of men in the workplace who have heart attacks

The proportion of women in the workplace who have heart attacks

 

None of the above; base-rate information is irrelevant in this study

 

 

PSY 245 Wk 4 – Research Data Summary 

There are several types of data a researcher can collect and analyze. In this assignment, you will reflect on what you have learned about the types of data used in psychological research.

 

Write a 700- to 1050-word paper in which you summarize data types. Include the following in your paper:

Define the role of statistics in research.

Define reliability and validity in research. Explain how these concepts are relevant to the data analysis process.

Briefly summarize the following data types:

Descriptive statistics

Correlation statistics

ANOVA procedure

Chi-square test

Explain the purpose of each data type.

Explain 2–3 principles related to each data type.

Describe the strengths and/or limitations of each data type.

Provide an original example of how each data type might be used.

 

Cite 2–3 scholarly references in addition to the textbook.

 

Submit your assignment.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

PSY 245 Wk 5 – Research Critique Worksheet

In this final assignment, you will apply what you have learned about research methods and statistics to critically read a research study.

 

Select one of the following articles from the University Library to read and critique:

“The Social Studies Teacher-Coach: A Quantitative Analysis Comparing Coaches and Non-Coaches Across How/What They Teach”

“Handing Over the Keys: A Qualitative Study of the Experience of Automation in Driving”

“The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Occupational Stress in Restaurant Work: A Qualitative Study”

“Like My Own Children: A Quantitative Study of Stepparents Claiming Adult Stepchildren”

 

Complete the Research Critique Worksheet to analyze your selected research study. Use the prompts provided to guide your thinking.

 

Submit your completed worksheet.