- Description
PHL 320 Week 3 Apply: Inductive and Deductive Reasoning (2019 New)
Required information
Translating Claims into Standard Form 1
Translate each of the following into a standard-form claim. Make sure that each answer follows the exact form of an A-, E-, I-, or O-claim and that each term you use is a noun or noun phrase that refers to a class of things. Remember that you’re trying to produce a claim that’s equivalent to the one given; it doesn’t matter whether the given claim is actually true.
Not every lizard is a salamander.
Multiple Choice
Some lizards are not salamanders.
Not every salamander is a lizard.
Some salamanders are not lizards.
Only reptiles can be lizards.
Multiple Choice
All reptiles are lizards.
All lizards are reptiles.
Snakes are the only members of the suborder Ophidia.
Multiple Choice
All snakes are members of the suborder Ophidia.
Some snakes are not members of the suborder Ophidia.
All members of the suborder Ophidia are snakes.
The only members of the suborder Ophidia are snakes.
Multiple Choice
All snakes are members of the suborder Ophidia.
All members of the suborder Ophidia are snakes.
Anything that’s an alligator is a reptile.
Multiple Choice
All alligators are reptiles.
All reptiles are alligators.
Most logic exercises are easy.
Multiple Choice
Some logic exercises are easy.
Some logic exercises are not easy.
All logic exercises are easy.
Drag each concept to its corresponding definition.
Which of the following arguments are valid or invalid? (Remember, an argument is valid when the truth of its premises guarantees the truth of its conclusion.)
Which of the following arguments are valid or invalid? (Remember, an argument is valid when the truth of its premises guarantees the truth of its conclusion.)
When you build a truth table for a claim, you
Multiple Choice
determine whether the three terms are truth-functionally equivalent.
determine the truth value of the compound claim.
present all the possible circumstances for an argument.
determine the necessary and sufficient conditions for the claim.
If John goes to the game, then Michael will also go.
Michael went to the game.
Therefore, we can conclude that John went to the game.
This is an example of which invalid argument form?
Multiple Choice
Affirming the consequent
Denying the antecedent
Undistributed Middle
Bandwagon fallacy
If Kendra trains hard for her game, then she will win.
Kendra did not train hard for her game.
So she will definitely not win.
This is an example of which invalid argument form?
Multiple Choice
Denying the antecedent
Affirming the consequent
Undistributed Middle
Reductio ad absurdum
If Ben runs 20 miles, then Wanda will donate $1000 to his charity.
If Michaela runs 20 miles, then Wanda will donate $1000 to her charity.
Therefore, If Ben runs 20 miles, then Michaela will also run 20 miles.
This is an example of which invalid argument form?
Multiple Choice
Undistributed middle (Truth-Functional Version)
Bandwagon fallacy
Denying the consequent
Composition fallacy
If the engine overheats, then the car will stall.
If the car stalls, then we won’t get to the concert on time.
If the engine overheats, then we won’t get to the concert on time.
This scenario is an example of a(n)
Multiple Choice
chain argument.
implication.
disjunctive argument.
destructive dilemma.
Identify whether each of these is an argument from analogy or an analogy that isn’t an argument.
Classify the following statements into two categories, inductive generalizations from samples and statistical syllogisms.
Required information
Complete each of these statistical syllogisms by supplying an appropriate premise or conclusion.
Marilyn is a florist; I bet she’s a nice person.
Premise: Most florists are nice people.
Don’t waste your time trying to teach that dog to fetch. Otterhounds don’t do that.
Multiple Choice
That dog is an Otterhound.
Teaching most Otterhounds is a waste of time.
Most people like to teach Otterhounds to fetch.
Dr. Walker belongs to the ACLU; most people who belong to the ACLU are liberals.
Multiple Choice
Most liberals belong to the ACLU.
Dr. Walker belongs to the ACLU like most people.
Therefore, probably Dr. Walker is a liberal.
Sharon shops online; I bet she doesn’t pay sales tax.
Multiple Choice
Most people who pay sales tax don’t shop online.
Most people who shop online pay sales tax.
Most people who shop online don’t pay sales tax.
York belongs to the NRA; he’s probably a Republican.
Multiple Choice
Most people who belong to the Republican Party avoid the NRA.
Most people who belong to the NRA are Republicans.
Most people are Republicans.
Most members of the NRA are Republicans; therefore, probably York is a Republican.
Multiple Choice
York is not a member of the NRA.
Most people are Republicans.
York is a member of the NRA.
Most smokers drink; I imagine, therefore, that Sally drinks.
Multiple Choice
Sally is a drinker.
Sally is a smoker.
Most drinkers smoke.
Melody will be upset; who wouldn’t if her husband did that?
Multiple Choice
Melody will be upset at the way her husband treats her.
Most people would be upset by a husband who treats them in that way.
Most people would not do what her husband did.
Required information
Symbolizing Arguments using “If…Then…” and “not-…”
Symbolize the following arguments using “if . . . then . . .” and “not- . . .” statements in place of the special symbols → and ~. (Note: Do not enter any periods in your response.)
Symbolizing Arguments using “If…Then…” and “not-…” (1)
Madderly wins the decision, provided that the referee scores the fight in Madderly’s favor.
The referee did score the fight in favor of Madderly.
Therefore, Madderly wins the decision. R = Referee scores the fight in Madderly’s favor
M = Madderly wins the decision.
Required information
Symbolizing Arguments using “If…Then…” and “not-…”
Symbolize the following arguments using “if . . . then . . .” and “not- . . .” statements in place of the special symbols → and ~. (Note: Do not enter any periods in your response.)
Symbolizing Arguments using “If…Then…” and “not-…” (2)
The generator works.
The generator works only if the polarity of the circuit has been reversed.
The polarity of the circuit has been reversed. G = The generator works.
P = Polarity has been reversed.
Required information
Symbolizing Arguments using “If…Then…” and “not-…”
Symbolize the following arguments using “if . . . then . . .” and “not- . . .” statements in place of the special symbols → and ~. (Note: Do not enter any periods in your response.)
Symbolizing Arguments using “If…Then…” and “not-…” (3)
Failure to melt at 2,600 degrees is sufficient for determining that this item is not made of steel.
The item failed to melt at 2,600 degrees.
The item is not made of steel. F = The item fails to melt at 2600 degrees.
S = The item is made of steel.
Required information
Symbolizing Arguments using “If…Then…” and “not-…”
Symbolize the following arguments using “if . . . then . . .” and “not- . . .” statements in place of the special symbols → and ~. (Note: Do not enter any periods in your response.)
Symbolizing Arguments using “If…Then…” and “not-…” (4)
If the new generator will work, then the polarity of the circuit has been reversed.
But the polarity of the circuit has not been reversed.
The new generator will not work. G = New generator will work.
P = Polarity has been reversed.
Providing Causal Hypotheses to Explain Findings 1
Can mere reading of articles about dieting cause teenage girls to resort to extreme weight-loss measures? According to a study published in the journal Pediatrics (reported by Carla K. Johnson of the Associated Press in January 2007), the answer might well be yes. In the study, female middle-school students were interviewed in 1999 and again in 2004, and their heights and weights were measured. Those in the first interview who said they frequently read magazine articles about dieting were more likely than those who said they never read such articles to report in the second survey that they indulged in extreme weight-loss measures like vomiting and taking laxatives. The effect was present whether or not the girls were overweight or considered their weight important when they started reading the articles, the researchers said.
Propose two explanations for the findings that seem likely or possible.